Reductio ad absurdum says a claim cannot be true because it would lead somewhere absurd. Sometimes that consequence really follows. Sometimes the absurdity was added.

A small test compared Gemma 2, Qwen 2, and Mistral Nemo with more than ten other models on logical fallacy detection.

An appeal to force, or ad baculum, offers a threat in place of a reason. The claim is not shown to be true. Compliance is the point.

A straw man swaps the other person’s claim for a weaker one, then attacks the substitute. The original claim is still standing.